Hello @lm49 and welcome to the community!
Your settings are correct.
In order to get courses on the /courses page, you have to reindex them. After reindexing, you will be able to see the courses on the /courses page and your dashboard page search will also start working.
If you do not have many courses then you can manually reindex your course from the (studio side) course outline page, there will be one button of Reindex. And if you have many courses then you can also use this management command to reindex all your courses at once.
Optional:
The above will work if you have set the enrollment start date for the courses but if you do not want to add the enrollment start date then set SEARCH_SKIP_ENROLLMENT_START_DATE_FILTERING to True.
And if you are on native installation then you can set above all settings (which you have set in common.py) to /edx/etc/lms.yml and /edx/etc/studio.yml